What is the best way to photograph a baby for a passport?

Lay the baby on a plain white or light sheet (US, UK) or seat them in a car seat covered with a white sheet or blanket (US, Canada), with no shadows on the face and nobody else in the shot. Australia and India give no method.

Rules checked on · official sources only

What each country says

CountryAnswerOfficial quoteSourceChecked
United StatesPassport Lay the baby on a plain white or off-white sheet, or cover a car seat with the sheet and place the child in it. For background, place your child on a plain white or off-white sheet. You can also cover a car seat with the sheet, then place your child in the car seat for the photo. Lay your baby on his or her back on a plain white or off-white sheet. This will ensure your baby's head is supported and provide a plain background for the photo. travel.state.gov
travel.state.gov
United KingdomOnline application Lay a baby under one on a plain light-coloured sheet and take the photo from above. You may support the head if your hand isn't visible. Children under one should lie on a plain light-coloured sheet. Take the photo from above. You can support their head with your hand, but your hand must not be visible in the photo. gov.uk
Canada A newborn may sit in a car seat with a white blanket over the seat behind the head, and no shadows on the face, ears or background. You may take a photo of your newborn sitting in a car seat, as long as: a white blanket is placed over the seat behind your child’s head there are no shadows around your child’s ears in the background on your child’s face or shoulders canada.ca
Australia Not stated by the Australian Passport Office. — passports.gov.au
India Not stated by Passport Seva (India). — passportindia.gov.in (PDF)
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Answers quote the official pages linked above. Not affiliated with any government. Final acceptance is up to the issuing authority.