Can a parent hold the baby in a passport photo?

No. In the US, UK, Canada, Australia and India the child must be alone in the photo; the UK lets you support a baby’s head only if your hand isn’t visible, and Canada says no hands at all.

Rules checked on · official sources only

What each country says

CountryAnswerOfficial quoteSourceChecked
United StatesPassport No. No other person can be in the photo; the visa FAQ adds that a parent's arms or hands holding the child must not be in the frame. No other person can be in the photo. No, the child must be the only person in the photo. Nothing used to support the child should be in the camera's frame, including the arms or hands of a parent holding the child. travel.state.gov
travel.state.gov
United Kingdom No. The child must be alone in the photo. You may support a baby's head with your hand, but your hand must not be visible. Children must be on their own in the picture. Babies must not be holding toys or using dummies. Children under one do not have to have their eyes open. You can support their head with your hand, but your hand must not be visible in the photo. gov.uk
Canada No hands. A child's photo must not show your hands or your child's hands. A newborn may sit in a car seat with a white blanket behind the head. Your child’s passport photos must also: show your child’s face and shoulders centred and squared to the camera, not tilted in any direction not show your hands or your child’s hands You may take a photo of your newborn sitting in a car seat, as long as: a white blanket is placed over the seat behind your child’s head canada.ca
Australia No. No one else can be visible in the photo; the official examples mark a parent's hand in the photo as unacceptable. For children under 3 years old, their mouth may be open. But no one else can be visible in the photo. Acceptable Object in the photo Parent's hand in photo Acceptable passports.gov.au
IndiaIndian embassy page — check with your mission No. Embassy of India Warsaw: the photo should show the child alone, with no chair backs, toys or other people visible. It should show the child alone (no chair backs, toys or other people visible), looking at the camera with a neutral expression and the mouth closed. indianembassywarsaw.gov.in (PDF)
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Answers quote the official pages linked above. Not affiliated with any government. Final acceptance is up to the issuing authority.