Do you have to look straight at the camera in a passport photo?

Yes. The US, UK, Canada, Australia and India all require you to look straight at the camera; the UK relaxes this for children under 6.

Rules checked on · official sources only

What each country says

CountryAnswerOfficial quoteSourceChecked
United StatesPassport Yes. Face the camera directly with a neutral expression, both eyes open and visible, and mouth closed. Face the camera directly with a neutral expression, both eyes open and visible, and mouth closed. travel.state.gov
United Kingdom Yes. You must face forwards and look straight at the camera. Children under 6 do not have to look directly at the camera. In your photo you must: be facing forwards and looking straight at the camera have a plain expression and your mouth closed Children under 6 do not have to be looking directly at the camera or have a plain expression. gov.uk
Canada Yes. A neutral expression means your eyes are open and clearly visible and you're looking straight at the camera. A neutral facial expression means that: your eyes are open and clearly visible you’re looking straight at the camera your mouth is closed canada.ca
Australia Yes. Your face must be centred and looking straight at the camera; anyone over 3 must face the camera straight on. uniform lighting with appropriate brightness and contrast to show your natural skin tone your face centred and looking straight at the camera Anyone over 3 years old must face the camera straight on, with eyes open and a neutral expression. passports.gov.au
India Yes. The portal's guidelines for minors under 4 say the photo must show the applicant looking directly at the camera; all photos need a frontal full-face view. The photographs must: - Show the applicant looking directly at the camera Frontal view of the full face should be visible in the photograph passportindia.gov.in (PDF)
passportindia.gov.in
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Answers quote the official pages linked above. Not affiliated with any government. Final acceptance is up to the issuing authority.