Can a passport photo be black and white?

Mostly no. The US, UK, Australia and India require colour photos; Canada is the exception and accepts black and white.

Rules checked on · official sources only

What each country says

CountryAnswerOfficial quoteSourceChecked
United StatesPassport Colour only. Passport photos must be in colour; the visa FAQ states black and white photos will not be accepted. Submit a high-resolution color photo that is not blurry, grainy, or pixelated. Yes, the photos must be in color. Black and white photos will not be accepted. travel.state.gov
travel.state.gov
United Kingdom Colour only. Black and white digital or paper photos are not accepted. HM Passport Office will not accept black and white digital or paper photos. They make it difficult to tell a customer’s skin tone, eye colour and true likeness. Your photo must be: clear and in focus in colour unaltered by computer software HM Passport Office examiner guidance
gov.uk
Canada Either. Photos may be in colour or in black and white. Image quality Your photos may be in colour or in black and white. canada.ca
Australia Colour. Photos must be good-quality colour prints, and the official video says the photo must be taken in full colour. good quality colour prints, produced using dye sublimation (i.e. not from an inkjet printer) Do ask someone to be your photographer. Ensure your photo is taken in full colour. passports.gov.au
passports.gov.au (video transcript)
India Colour only. The portal says to paste only a colour photograph; it lists black and white photographs as a don't. Paste ONLY ONE COLOUR photograph as per the specifications given below The photograph should be in color and in the size of 45mm x 35mm. passportindia.gov.in
passportindia.gov.in (PDF)
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Answers quote the official pages linked above. Not affiliated with any government. Final acceptance is up to the issuing authority.